By Tony Iyare
In spite of the avowed resolve by the administration
of President Muhammadu Buhari to check the spread of Coronavirus, inadequate
funds and lack of a clear cut policy on the use of herbal medicine by the
Nigerian government, may make the search for indigenous cure for COVID-19 pandemic
forlorn.
Findings from the Nigerian Institute of Medical
Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos authoritatively reveal that not much has been done
to unravel claims by many scholars who have presented herbal remedies for
COVID-19 pandemic as the institute is bedeviled by lack of funds to conduct
clinical trials to ascertain their efficacy.
Director General, NIMR, Prof Babatunde Lawal Salako
who confirms the receipt of a barrage of drugs on COVID-19 pandemic in an
exclusive interview, laments the predicament of his institute hamstrung by
funds to carry out clinical research, raising critical questions about the
country’s preparedness to search for an indigenous cure.
“We have received requests from many herbal medicine
researchers including Pax Herbal Centre, Ewu, Edo state and many others, asking
us to test their drugs for COVID-19. Clinical trials are not tea parties
particularly if it has to be conducted for drugs to cure a virus that’s
pandemic.
“It’s an elaborate process. You have to come up with
a protocol to be approved by the Ethical Review Board which will endorse the
trials of the drugs on humans before we begin to ask for volunteers. So much is
involved in clinical trials. You have to test the toxicity and other components
of the drug. You have to also test the heart and kidney of the volunteers
before administering the drug on them because of any possible reactions.
“Who takes responsibility if anything happens to the
volunteers in the process of administering the drugs?” he asks rhetorically, in
veiled reference to the recent trials in the UK where one of the volunteers who
was given a COVID=19 drug died two days after.
“It’s also a very expensive process. We do not have
the funds to engage in clinical trials. They are just dumping the drugs on us
thinking we have the funds to conduct clinical trials. They also do not have
the resources to conduct the trials. It involves a lot of funds.
Salako, also a former provost, College of Medicine,
University of Ibadan, says, “We are also hamstrung by the lack of a clear cut
government policy on the use of herbal medicines unlike countries like China
which has long integrated it into their health care system. Although we’ve been
working with traditional medicine practitioners but the lack of a clear
government policy on the issue makes it difficult for how to relate with them.”
Established in 1977, the NIMR conducts research into
diseases of public health importance in Nigeria. It is intriguing why a chunk
of the several billions of naira contributed by top Nigerian billionaires, foreign
agencies and other public spirited persons to support the fight against
COVID-19, have not been deployed to such a vital institute to conduct clinical
research on drugs to combat the virus.
In the wake of the shocking invention of an
indigenous drug in the Indian ocean island state of Madagascar called “CODID
Organic” or “CVO,” which the country’s President, Andry Rajoelina, who drank it
on national TV, claim can be used for treatment and prevention of COVID-19,
tongues have been wagging as to what’s happening to all the claims by scholars
of herbal medicine in Nigeria, a supposed Africa’s giant state about indigenous
cure.
The virus has posted over three million cases,
killing over 200,000 persons globally and confining many countries in virtual
lockdown. Nigeria which has also recorded over 1000 cases has witnessed 40
deaths.
Without an endorsement from the World Health
Organisation (WHO), Madagascar has already administered its locally produced
drug on patients suffering from COVID-19 and have recorded some successes. The
speed with which the country came out with an indigenous cure is also
astounding.
With a land mass of 587,041 square kilometers and a
population of over 27 million people, Madagascar had its first 9 confirmed
corona virus cases on March 23rd.
Within a month from 23rd March to April 23, she had recorded a total of 121
confirmed cases with the last case on 19th April. The country also had a total
of 58 recoveries and no deaths.
However, over this period the country resorted to
searching several possible ways to treating the infected persons and recording
gradual number of recoveries up to date. The world was taken aback when
President Rajoelina recently declared that the country had found both
preventive and curative treatment for the virus. Activities have returned to
normalcy in Madagascar and students are to resume their various schools from
Wednesday in the coming week.
The drug which is called “Covid Organic” or “CVO”
has been made compulsory for all citizens, and it is to be given free to all
school children and most vulnerable citizens while the wealthier fellows would
purchase theirs. And all the money to be realised from the sales of the drug is
to be ploughed back into their science research institute.
Some of our reputed scholars and practitioners steep
in the area of herbal medicine research like Prof Maurice Iwu, chairman, Imo
State Committee on COVID-19, Prof Joseph Akpa, provost, Luminar International
College of Alternative Medicine, Enugu, Dr Ajayi Jeremiah, a trado medical
practitioner and Rev Fr (Dr) Anselm Adodo, director, Pax Herbal Centre, Ewu,
Edo state and others who claim to have remedies to the deadly COVID-19 virus
submitted their drugs more than a month ago but it appears to be gathering
dusts at the NIMR.
The work of Iwu, a professor of Pharmacognosy at the
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) on bitter cola and Rev Fr Adodo, a
Benedictine monk who superintendents over the production of herbal drugs on
various ailments that are available in all Catholic Church parishes in
different parts of Nigeria are quite familiar. Both of them jointly authored a
new book titled, Healing
Plants of Nigeria: Ethnomedicine and Therapeutic Applications
Some scientists at the University of Ibadan have
also recommended a plant called Euphorbia
Hirta as a herbal alternative to mitigating some of the
diseases associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. According to the scientists,
some of the diseases, which the plant can cure, include dry cough, respiratory
failures and fever, among others.
The scientists, including Profs. Ademola Ladele and
Rasheed Awodoyin, told the News Agency
of Nigeria (NAN) in Ibadan on Tuesday that the Euphorbia Hirta was commonly called Asthma plant.
Awodoyin, a Weed Ecologist, said that the plant is known as Asin Uloko in Edo, Nonon Kurciya in
Hausa, Chamma Chamma in Kanuri, Endamyel in Fula-Fulfulde (Borno), Ba Ala in Owerri and Akun Esan in
Yoruba.
He listed the scientists who worked on the plant to
include Prof. Olaniyi Babayemi (Animal Scientist), Prof. Olapeju Aiyelaagbe
(Chemist), Dr Ahmed Abu (Animal Scientist), Dr Adeoluwa (Organic
Agriculturist), Dr Olajumoke Fayinminnu (Toxicologist) and Dr Funmilayo Adebiyi
(Animal Scientist).
Others, the don said, were Dr Idayat Gbadamosi
(Ethnobotanist) and Dr J. Badejo (Drug Development Specialist) and Prof.
Ademola Ladele (Agricultural Extensionist). He said that the plant was a herbal
alternative to curing dry cough, respiratory failures, fever and some other
related symptoms of chronic flu, all of which were associated with COVID-19.
Awodoyin told NAN that the plant, after being
boiled, could be taken as tea and could serve as first aid treatment for dry
cough, while further complex solutions to the pandemic could still be explored.
He said that the scientists were sparked up by shared information that mucus
plug of the airways and nasal chamber, among others were the causes of seizure
and death from COVID-19.
“Asthma plant tea softens dry cough, releases the
mucus as phlegm. It is a safe herb tea, though not recommended for pregnant
women and should be taken for six consecutive days.
“Just get a handful of the plant, steep in boiling
water for 15 minutes, drink freely, as the taste is pleasant. I use it at my
family level. I don’t even use it for more than three days before getting
immediate result,” Awodoyin said. He emphasised that such medicinal plants had
curative actions due to the presence of complex chemical constituents.
According to him, the plant contains triterpenes,
phytosterols, tannins, polyphenols, flavonoids, essential oil, alkaloids,
saponins, amino acids and minerals, with quercitrin, a flavanoid glycoside,
isolated from the herb, showing anti-diarrhea activity.
Also speaking, the leader of the scientists, Prof.
Ladele, said asthma plant could also be used in the treatment of
gastrointestinal disorders (diarrhea, dysentery, intestinal parasitosis,) as
well as bronchial and respiratory diseases (asthma, bronchitis, hay fever,
flu).
“The aqueous extract from the plant exhibits
anxiolytic, analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities; the root
decoction of the plant are also beneficial for nursing mothers deficient in
milk (galactogogue).
“The aqueous extract shows antioxidant effect and a
free radical scavenging activity. It is used to lower blood pressure, treat
athletes foot, dengue fever and for production of blood platelets.
“It can also be used to relieve anxiety and stress.
In South India, it is used as ear drops in the treatment of boils, sore and
wounds; a decoction of the leaves induces milk flow and the leaf chewed with
palm kernel for restoration of virility.
“It is also effective in treating ulcers, while the
plant is also eaten as a vegetable; it is a powerful herb which should be used
in moderation.
“In Benin City, the plant is pounded, mixed with
palm oil and licked to treat any type of cough,” he said, adding that although
the plant was reported to have anti-fertility activity, report from Guinea
revealed that the plant extract had practically no toxicity towards man and
guinea pigs.
According to him, using the plant may help COVID-19
patients to breathe with ease and remove the need for a ventilator for mild
cases. “There is no evidence yet that asthma plant can cure Coronavirus, but it
can be useful in mitigating some of the symptoms like fever, coughing and
respiratory challenges.
“A research group at the University of Ibadan is
exploring the benefits of other similar plants for the adequate cure of chronic
flu and other respiratory diseases, including COVID-19,” he said.
The worry is however whether there’s any concrete
synergies between these practitioners angling for Coronavirus remedies, the
nation’s health authorities and the drug manufacturers. Apart from fears of
getting enmeshed in the persistent rivalry between orthodox and herbal medicine
practitioners, there’s also concerns that we may end up with some motion
without movement on this issue like it happened before.
It may be forlorn to begin to gauge our gains from a
successful fight against Ebola in 2014. Many of the ventilators deployed for
that battle and for Lassa fever have gone comatose. Thanks to two young men who
are presently helping the University of Jos Teaching Hospital to revive some of
them back to life.
But with government which has proved prostrate over
issues like this over the years, many argue that it would be idealistic to
expect it to seize the opportunity of these Coronavirus drug find to thrust the
country on the path of eldorado. What of our drug manufacturing companies, are
they likely to seize the initiative to present the world with a remedy?
We have always made merry while watching such
inventions sold for a mess of pottage. From the pando yam machine, invented in
Ife Varsity in the late 70s to myriads of other inventions by our researchers,
government has been lethargic, leading the inventors to barter away their
prized works to foreign companies. And they end up exporting those goods back
to us at exorbitant costs.
Ordinarily, with the abundance of varying plants and
trees dotting our environment, a country like Nigeria should spearhead the
search for herbal remedies. But tired of seeking for collaboration
amongst government agencies in Nigeria, Adodo for instance became a toast of
foreign governments. He has long been engaged in herbal research with the US,
Germany, UK, Japan, Canada and South Africa while our country dithers on the
issue.
.
Just like Senegal found a way around the production
of cheaper kits and ventilators while Ghana is sending COVID-19 samples from
rural areas to laboratories in the urban areas by medical drones in a jiffy,
Nigeria with its huge endowment should lead the find for an indigenous cure.
